Azyter
Azyter contains azithromycin 15 mg/g as a sterile eye drop solution for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis caused by susceptible organisms.
It is administered as one drop into the affected eye twice daily for 3 days.
Azyter is a prescription-only medicine (POM) in the UK and is available as preservative-free single-dose containers.
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Azyter is a prescription eye drop containing azithromycin 15 mg/g, a macrolide antibiotic formulated as a sterile, preservative-free solution in single-dose containers.
It is licensed in the United Kingdom for the treatment of purulent bacterial conjunctivitis in adults, adolescents, and children, and for trachomatous conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.
Bacterial conjunctivitis is one of the most common eye infections seen in primary care, accounting for an estimated 1 to 2% of all GP consultations in the UK.
Azyter offers a short 3-day, twice-daily treatment course, which is significantly shorter than the 5 to 7-day courses required by most other topical ophthalmic antibiotics.
This improved convenience is made possible by the prolonged tissue residence time of azithromycin in the conjunctiva.
This page provides a detailed clinical overview of how Azyter works, correct administration technique, expected outcomes, side effects, and how to obtain a prescription in the UK.
Important safety information about Azyter
Azyter is for use in the eye only. It must not be swallowed or injected. Before using Azyter, note the following key safety points.
- Azyter treats bacterial conjunctivitis only. It has no effect against viral conjunctivitis (commonly caused by adenovirus) or allergic conjunctivitis. Using antibiotics for non-bacterial eye conditions contributes to antimicrobial resistance without providing clinical benefit.
- Do not wear contact lenses during treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis.
- Vision may be temporarily blurred after instillation. Do not drive or operate machinery until your sight has cleared.
- If symptoms worsen or do not improve within 3 days, seek medical reassessment promptly.
What is bacterial conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin transparent membrane that covers the white of the eye and the inner surfaces of the eyelids.
Bacterial conjunctivitis occurs when bacteria colonise the conjunctival surface, triggering an inflammatory response characterised by redness, mucopurulent (yellow-green) discharge, lid crusting, and ocular discomfort.
It can affect one or both eyes and is contagious through direct contact with infected secretions.
The most common causative organisms in adults include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae.
In neonates, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are important pathogens that require prompt identification and treatment.
Most cases of uncomplicated bacterial conjunctivitis in adults are self-limiting and resolve within 5 to 7 days without treatment.
However, topical antibiotic therapy shortens the duration of symptoms, reduces bacterial shedding, and helps prevent complications such as keratitis (corneal infection).
It is essential to distinguish bacterial conjunctivitis from viral conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and more serious conditions such as acute angle-closure glaucoma, anterior uveitis, and keratitis.
Red flags warranting urgent ophthalmological referral include severe eye pain, marked reduction in visual acuity, photophobia, fixed or irregularly shaped pupil, and signs of corneal involvement.
How Azyter works: mechanism of action
Azithromycin belongs to the azalide subclass of macrolide antibiotics.
It exerts its antibacterial effect by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria, inhibiting mRNA-directed protein synthesis and thereby preventing bacterial growth and replication.
At higher local tissue concentrations, azithromycin is bactericidal.
The key pharmacological advantage of topical ocular azithromycin is its prolonged tissue retention in the conjunctiva.
After topical administration, azithromycin is rapidly taken up by conjunctival epithelial cells and inflammatory cells (neutrophils and macrophages), where it accumulates intracellularly at concentrations far exceeding minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for common ocular pathogens.
Tissue levels remain therapeutic for up to 72 hours after the last dose, which underpins the efficacy of the short 3-day treatment course.
Azithromycin has a broad spectrum of activity relevant to ocular infections. Gram-positive organisms covered include Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and other streptococcal species.
Gram-negative coverage includes Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Neisseria species.
Azithromycin is also active against atypical organisms including Chlamydia trachomatis, which is the causative agent of trachoma and chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum.
Preservative-free formulation
Unlike many topical ophthalmic antibiotics, Azyter is formulated without preservatives such as benzalkonium chloride.
Preservatives in eye drops can cause cumulative toxicity to the corneal epithelium, particularly with repeated or prolonged use.
The preservative-free formulation of Azyter reduces the risk of corneal surface damage and is better tolerated by patients with sensitive eyes or pre-existing ocular surface disease.
The trade-off is that each single-dose container must be used once and discarded, as the product contains no antimicrobial preservative to prevent microbial contamination after opening.
Clinical evidence for Azyter
The efficacy of Azyter 15 mg/g eye drops was established in randomised controlled trials comparing the 3-day, twice-daily regimen with tobramycin 3 mg/mL eye drops administered four times daily for 7 days.
In these studies, clinical cure rates (defined as resolution of conjunctival injection, discharge, and lid oedema) were non-inferior between the two treatment groups by day 9.
The shorter treatment duration and lower dosing frequency with Azyter were associated with improved patient adherence.
Microbiological eradication rates were high for the most common pathogens, with over 85% eradication of Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae at the test-of-cure visit.
Azyter was well tolerated across age groups in clinical trials, with the most common adverse events being mild, transient ocular discomfort and blurred vision immediately after instillation.
Dosage and administration
The recommended dose of Azyter is one drop instilled into the conjunctival sac of the affected eye or eyes twice daily (morning and evening) for 3 days.
Each single-dose container holds approximately 0.25 mL of solution and is for one-time use only.
Administration technique
Correct instillation technique is important for effective treatment and to avoid contamination. Follow these steps for each application.
- Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water.
- If there is discharge or crusting on the eyelids, gently clean the area with a warm, damp cloth or sterile gauze before applying the drops.
- Open one single-dose container by twisting off the tab. Avoid touching the tip.
- Tilt your head back or lie down and look upwards.
- With one finger, gently pull the lower eyelid away from the eye to form a small pocket.
- Hold the container close to the eye (without touching it) and squeeze one drop into the pocket.
- Close your eyes gently for 1 to 2 minutes. Press lightly on the inner corner of the eye (near the nose) to reduce drainage into the nasal passages.
- Discard the used container. Do not save remaining solution for later use.
If you are also using other topical eye medications, wait at least 15 minutes between products and instil Azyter last.
If an eye ointment is prescribed concurrently, apply the ointment after the Azyter drops.
If a dose is missed, instil the drop as soon as possible, then continue with the next scheduled dose. Do not use a double dose.
Side effects of Azyter
Common side effects
The most commonly reported adverse effects are local ocular reactions that occur shortly after instillation.
These include a stinging or burning sensation, blurred vision, a sticky feeling in the eye, and a sensation of a foreign body.
These effects are typically mild and resolve within a few minutes without intervention.
They are related to the slightly viscous nature of the formulation rather than to any toxic effect on the eye.
Uncommon and rare side effects
Uncommon side effects include ocular pruritus (itching), conjunctival hyperaemia (increased redness unrelated to the infection), increased lacrimation (tearing), and eyelid oedema (swelling).
Allergic conjunctivitis and eyelid erythema have been reported rarely.
Hypersensitivity reactions to macrolide antibiotics, while very uncommon with topical ocular use, are theoretically possible and may include rash, urticaria, or angioedema.
Systemic absorption of azithromycin from Azyter eye drops is negligible. Plasma levels after topical ocular administration are below the limit of quantification.
Consequently, the gastrointestinal and cardiac side effects associated with oral azithromycin (such as nausea, diarrhoea, and QT prolongation) are not expected with this formulation.
When to seek medical advice
Contact your GP, optometrist, or call NHS 111 if you experience worsening eye pain, reduced vision, increased sensitivity to light, or worsening discharge during or after treatment.
These symptoms may indicate inadequate treatment response, a resistant organism, or an alternative diagnosis requiring specialist assessment.
Seek emergency care (call 999 or attend A&E) if you develop sudden severe eye pain, significant visual loss, or signs of severe allergic reaction including facial swelling or difficulty breathing.
Warnings and precautions
Antimicrobial resistance
Azyter should only be used for confirmed or clinically suspected bacterial conjunctivitis.
Inappropriate use of antibiotics for viral, allergic, or non-infective causes of red eye contributes to antimicrobial resistance.
The College of Optometrists and NICE recommend that antibiotics for conjunctivitis should be reserved for cases with strong clinical indicators of bacterial infection (purulent discharge, lid crusting, recent onset) or for patients at higher risk of complications (contact lens wearers, immunocompromised patients, neonates).
Use in specific populations
Azyter is licensed for use in neonates, infants, children, adolescents, and adults. No dose adjustment is required in paediatric patients.
In elderly patients and those with renal or hepatic impairment, no dose modification is needed owing to the negligible systemic absorption.
Data on use during pregnancy and breastfeeding are limited, but systemic exposure is considered too low to pose a material risk.
Nonetheless, prescribers should assess the benefit-risk balance individually.
Contact lens wear
Contact lenses must be removed before instillation and should not be worn throughout the duration of treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis. The infection itself, combined with the antibiotic formulation, creates an environment that is incompatible with safe contact lens wear.
How to get an Azyter prescription in the UK
Azyter is a prescription-only medicine (POM) in the United Kingdom.
The most common route is through your GP, who will assess your eye symptoms, determine whether the infection is likely bacterial, and prescribe accordingly.
Pharmacists may offer over-the-counter chloramphenicol 0.5% eye drops for mild bacterial conjunctivitis in patients aged 2 years and over under a PGD (patient group direction), but Azyter requires a prescription.
Optometrists with independent prescribing qualifications can also diagnose and prescribe for bacterial conjunctivitis. Emergency eye departments and walk-in centres can provide assessment and prescriptions for eye infections.
Authorised online prescribers registered with the GPhC may prescribe Azyter following a structured clinical consultation, provided the symptoms are consistent with bacterial conjunctivitis and the patient is deemed suitable for remote management.
The standard NHS prescription charge in England is 9.90 pounds per item; prescriptions are free in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
Preventing the spread of conjunctivitis
Bacterial conjunctivitis is contagious. To reduce the risk of spreading infection to others or to the unaffected eye, follow these hygiene measures throughout treatment and for 24 hours after the course is completed.
- Wash your hands frequently and thoroughly, especially after touching your eyes or applying eye drops.
- Do not share towels, flannels, pillows, or eye cosmetics with others.
- Avoid rubbing or touching your eyes.
- Replace any eye cosmetics (mascara, eyeliner) used during the infection to prevent recontamination.
- Clean spectacles frames daily during the infection.
- Children with bacterial conjunctivitis do not routinely need to be excluded from school once treatment has started, according to UK Health Security Agency guidance, but should be encouraged to practise good hand hygiene.
When to seek urgent medical advice
Most cases of bacterial conjunctivitis respond well to a 3-day course of Azyter. However, certain presentations require prompt medical review.
Contact your GP, optometrist, or call NHS 111 if symptoms do not improve after completing the course, if symptoms recur shortly after finishing treatment, if both eyes become severely affected, or if you have an underlying condition that increases the risk of complications (such as immunosuppression, diabetes, or recent eye surgery).
Attend A&E or call 999 if you develop sudden severe pain, significant visual loss, or inability to open your eye.
Report any suspected adverse reactions via the MHRA Yellow Card scheme at yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk .
Sources
- Azyter 15 mg/g eye drops - Summary of Product Characteristics (EMC)
- Azithromycin - British National Formulary (BNF)
- NICE CKS: Conjunctivitis - infective
- Conjunctivitis - NHS
- MHRA Yellow Card Scheme
Medical information
Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against common ocular pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Chlamydia trachomatis. When applied topically to the eye, azithromycin accumulates in conjunctival tissue at bactericidal concentrations that persist for several days after the last dose, enabling a short 3-day treatment course. The preservative-free formulation minimises the risk of corneal toxicity and ocular surface irritation. Azyter is licensed for purulent bacterial conjunctivitis in adults, adolescents, and children, and for trachomatous conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. It is not effective against viral or allergic conjunctivitis.Dosage guidance
The standard dose of Azyter is one drop instilled into the conjunctival sac of the affected eye(s) twice daily (morning and evening) for 3 days. Each single-dose container should be used immediately after opening and discarded after use, even if solution remains. Do not touch the dropper tip to the eye or any other surface to avoid contamination. Before instilling the drops, wash your hands thoroughly. Tilt your head back, gently pull down the lower eyelid to form a pocket, and squeeze one drop into the pocket. Close your eyes gently for 1 to 2 minutes without blinking. If using other eye drops concurrently, wait at least 15 minutes between different preparations, and apply Azyter last. Contact lenses should not be worn during treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis. If symptoms do not improve within 3 days or worsen during treatment, contact your GP or ophthalmologist for reassessment. No dose adjustment is required for elderly patients, patients with renal impairment, or patients with hepatic impairment, as systemic absorption from topical ocular administration is minimal.Side effects and warnings
The most commonly reported side effects of Azyter are local ocular reactions occurring shortly after instillation. These include ocular discomfort (stinging or burning sensation), blurred vision, sticky eye sensation, and a feeling of a foreign body in the eye. These effects are typically mild and transient, resolving within minutes of application. Uncommon side effects include eye itching (pruritus), conjunctival hyperaemia (redness), increased lacrimation (watery eyes), and eyelid oedema. Allergic conjunctivitis and eyelid erythema have been reported rarely. Systemic side effects are extremely unlikely due to the minimal absorption from topical ocular use. However, as with all macrolide antibiotics, hypersensitivity reactions are theoretically possible. If you develop significant eye pain, worsening redness, swelling around the eye, visual disturbance, or signs of allergic reaction (rash, swelling, difficulty breathing), stop using Azyter and seek medical attention promptly. Report any suspected adverse reactions via the MHRA Yellow Card scheme at yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk.Azyter is for ocular (eye) use only and must not be taken by mouth or injected.
Do not use Azyter if you are allergic to azithromycin, erythromycin, any other macrolide or ketolide antibiotic, or to any of the excipients listed in the patient information leaflet.
Azyter treats bacterial conjunctivitis only. It is not effective against viral conjunctivitis (often caused by adenovirus) or allergic conjunctivitis.
Misdiagnosis can lead to inappropriate antibiotic use and delayed appropriate treatment.
If you are uncertain about the cause of your eye symptoms, consult your GP or optometrist before starting treatment.
Contact lenses must not be worn during treatment for conjunctivitis. Vision may be temporarily blurred after instillation; do not drive or operate machinery until your vision has cleared.
There are limited data on the use of Azyter during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Systemic absorption is minimal, but you should inform your prescriber if you are pregnant, planning a pregnancy, or breastfeeding. Azyter is preservative-free and supplied in single-dose containers.
Each container is for single use only and should be discarded after application. Using a contaminated or previously opened container risks introducing infection.
Do not use Azyter to treat ear infections, skin infections, or any condition other than the specific eye infection for which it has been prescribed.
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